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The Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes are cross-border shellings that have occurred since 1949 along the Durand Line between the Afghan National Security Forces and Pakistan military forces, paramilitary forces. The latest hostility began in mid-2003 around Khost Province in Afghanistan and continued until 2013 after a dozen missiles were reportedly fired from Pakistan that killed an Afghan woman and wounded several others in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan. The cross-border shellings intensified in 2011 and 2012 with many reports from different occasions claiming that Pakistani missiles have hit civilian areas inside Afghanistan's Nuristan Province, Kunar Province and Nangarhar Province. Most of this is related to the United States drone attacks in Pakistan from the Afghan side, the Taliban insurgency and the fact that the border has never been properly marked.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pakistan fire 80 missiles in eastern Kunar province )〕 == Background == Since Pakistan's independence in 1947, Afghanistan has always refused to endorse the 1893 Durand Line Agreement in recognizing the Durand Line as its international border with Pakistan. The single-page Durand Line Agreement was inherited by Pakistan after the end of British rule in 1947. Afghanistan has several times tried to seize Pakistan's western provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Interior Minister Rehman Malik has claimed that Afghan President Hamid Karzai has admitted that some of the trouble in Balochistan is emanating from his country but there is no official confirmation from Afghanistan of this claim by Pakistan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Karzai admits Balochistan unrest emanating from Afghanistan, claims Malik )〕 Pakistan's government, particularly its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),〔http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Price%20Pakistan.pdf〕 slowly became involved in the affairs of Afghanistan since the 1970s.〔PBS - Frontline, (''Return of the Taliban'' )〕 The cross-border attacks have been occurring occasionally since 1949 when Pakistani military bombed an Afghan village while repelling Afghan attacks. The Durand Line border cuts in the middle of the warring and difficult to rule Pashtun tribes who live on both sides. They make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and the second largest in Pakistan. In the early 1960s, some Afghan Pashtun nationalists tried to press for an independent state to be called Pashtunistan but the idea became unpopular.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Afghanistan Pakistan Crisis 1961-1963 )〕 Even before the independence of Pakistan, the areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan have been used as a frontier to defend British India from possible military incursions from the Iranian monarchy and Afghanistan, especially the powerful Soviet Union of the north. The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan forced millions of Afghans to take refuge inside Pakistan's western frontier region and in Iran. Leaders of Pakistan feared that the Soviet Union began some kind of military show down and that Pakistan or at least its Balochistan province was next on the Soviet's agenda. During the early 1980s, multi-national mujahideen forces (consisting of about 100,000 fighters from forty different Muslim countries in addition to 150,000 local fighters) found support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Iran in the context of the Cold War. They were trained by Pakistani military in its frontier region around the Durand Line. The Soviet Union decided to withdraw in 1989 and when aid dried up on Afghanistan in 1992 a civil war began. This was followed by the rise and fall of the Taliban government. Since late 2001, as high as 140,000 NATO-led troops were stationed in Afghanistan to train Afghans and rebuild their war-torn country. In the meantime, the Taliban insurgency began around 2004 with militants mostly from the Durand Line areas attacking Afghanistan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Haqqani network threatens attacks on judges )〕〔(7 Burka-Clad Terrorists Captured in Nangarhar ), by Tolo News. July 4, 2011.〕 To counter the insurgency and bring stability in Afghanistan, the United States built bases and garrisons for the Afghan National Security Forces, and is using unmanned aerial vehicles to hit alleged safe havens of terrorists in Pakistan, mainly the Haqqani network in and around the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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